Acne results from excess oil production, blocked hair follicles, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Hormonal changes, certain medications, and genetic predisposition can increase the risk. External factors such as heavy skin creams, occlusive cosmetics, heat, or humidity may also trigger or worsen acne.

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and patient history. The type, number, and location of lesions such as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts are assessed to classify acne as mild, moderate, or severe. Family history, medication use, previous skin conditions, and psychosocial impact are also considered.

Treatment depends on severity. Topical therapies include retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, and salicylic acid to unclog pores and reduce bacteria and inflammation. More severe or persistent acne may require oral antibiotics or isotretinoin. The goal is to prevent new lesions and minimize inflammation rather than immediately remove existing scars.

Good skin care reduces acne risk. Wash gently twice daily with a mild, non-comedogenic cleanser. Avoid heavy or greasy cosmetics and do not pick or squeeze pimples. Limit scrubbing and avoid irritants. Avoid known triggers such as certain cosmetics, sunbeds, or hot and humid conditions. Maintaining overall skin hygiene and a healthy lifestyle supports long-term skin health.

Acne is common during adolescence but can persist into adulthood. The social and psychological impact of acne, including low self-esteem or distress over appearance, is important to recognize. If acne is severe, does not respond to basic treatments, or leads to scarring, consult a dermatologist for specialized care.