Menopause occurs naturally as a woman’s body transitions out of its reproductive years, typically between the ages of 45 and 55. It is caused by a decline in hormone production, particularly oestrogen and progesterone, which are essential for regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting various bodily functions. Factors such as surgical removal of ovaries, certain medical treatments, or premature ovarian insufficiency can also induce menopause.

Menopause is usually diagnosed based on symptoms such as irregular periods, hot flushes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. For women under 45, blood tests may be conducted to measure hormone levels and confirm the diagnosis. A healthcare provider will also consider a woman’s medical history and overall health when evaluating symptoms.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is one of the most effective treatments for managing menopausal symptoms. It works by replacing the hormones that the body no longer produces, helping to alleviate symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. There are various forms of HRT available, including tablets, patches, gels, and vaginal creams. The choice of treatment depends on individual needs, medical history, and preferences. While HRT is effective, it is not suitable for everyone, and the risks and benefits should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Although menopause cannot be prevented, its symptoms can be managed effectively with a combination of lifestyle adjustments and medical treatment. A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, and adequate hydration can support bone and overall health. Managing stress and prioritizing sleep can also help alleviate some symptoms.

Avoiding triggers like caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods may reduce hot flushes for some women. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider ensure that any treatments, including HRT, remain effective and appropriate.

Further information about menopause and hormone replacement therapy is available from the European Menopause and Andropause Society:

https://nationalmenopausefoundation.org/education/